ABSTRACT
The foramen magnum is an important landmark in the posterior part of the cranial base, which is largely formed by the occipital bone. The dimensions of the foramen magnum are clinically important because of the vital structures passing through it. We studied thirty six dry human skulls of known sex and measured anteroposterior and transverse diameters with the help of Vernier caliper. Additionally, surface area and Index of foramen magnum were also calculated. Oval shape is the main type of morphological variant found in this study. The transverse diameter of the foramen magnum was in a range of 25.75-34.25mm in males, whereas it was between 26-31.75mm in females. The anteroposterior diameter was in a range of 35 to 39.75mm inmales while it was 29.5 to 34.75mm in females. The mean area of foramen magnum in males was 876.88±88.83mm whereas it was 776.87±68.51mm in females. In contrast to the area, the mean foramen magnum index was higher in females (89.01±6.84mm) compared tomales (81.75±5.99mm) and this difference was also statistically significant (p<0.01). The prospective study will help surgeon for reference value for determining feasibility of transcondylar surgical approach, which are being done in an increasing trend in recent times for brain stem lesion.
ABSTRACT
Pain is a common distressing symptom in dental practice. Depending upon the cases, different techniques are used to relieve pain. One of these is peripheral trigeminal nerve block. Peripheral trigeminal nerve block anaesthesia has proved to be an effective and convenient way to anaesthetise large regions of oral and maxillofacial complex. This block can be intraoral or extra oral. The intraoral route is through the greater palatine foramen in which the dental surgeons enter into the pterygopalatine fossa, where the maxillary nerve is situated. The morphological variations in the position of greater palatine foramen may be of clinical importance in the administration of local anaesthesia and in palatal surgery. In the present study, the distance of greater palatine foramen from the median palatine suture, and from the posterior border of hard palate have been noted, and the position of greater palatine foramen relative to the maxillary molars, as well as the direction of the foramen have been examined.
El dolor es un síntoma común y preocupante en la práctica dental. Dependiendo de los casos, diferentes técnicas se utilizan para aliviar el dolor. Una de ellas es el bloqueo periférico del nervio trigémino. Esta, ha demostrado ser una forma eficaz y conveniente para anestesiar grandes regiones del complejo oral y maxilofacial. Este bloqueo puede ser intraoral o extraoral. La vía intraoral es a través del foramen palatino mayor en la cual se ingresa en la fosa pterigopalatina, donde se encuentra el nervio maxilar. Las variaciones morfológicas en la posición del foramen palatino mayor puede ser de importancia clínica en la administración de anestesia local y en la cirugía del paladar. En el presente estudio, se examinó la distancia del foramen palatino mayor desde la sutura palatina mediana y el margen posterior del paladar duro, y su posición relativa a los molares superiores, así como la dirección del foramen palatino mayor.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Skull/anatomy & histology , Palate, Hard/anatomy & histology , Palate, Hard/innervationABSTRACT
Background: Hypermobility of Atlanto-Occipital joints give rise to symptoms related to vascular compromise viz syncope, vertigo, transient impairment of visual field, altered consciousness. Surgical management of congenital anomalies of craniovertebral junction requires a precise identification of underlying pathophysiological condition. For this reason variation in superior articular facets of atlas vertebrae in terms of its morphology should be known. Method: The morphology of 100 atlas vertebrae had been studied and observations of total 200 facets were noted. Measurements were taken with a vernier callipers and a compass. Result :In the present study, typical oval, elongated or kidney shaped outline was found in 74.5% facets. Constrictions or notches were present on 48% facets. Complete separation (4.5%) is suggestive of tendency towards possible restriction of movement at atlanto-occipital joint as part of evolutionary changes. Roughly circular pressure facets had been observed in 78% of vertebrae indicating possibly greater pressure at this site during movement at atlanto-occipital joint.Conclusion: Knowledge of this variation in craniovertebral junction is of significant importance for Neurosurgeons and Orthopaedic surgeons doing various surgeries in this region.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: The present study was aimed to provide data on palatal indices, and to describe the osteological and morphological variations in the grooves and bony prominences of the hard palate, and thus to compare the same with the work of other authors. Methods: 100 dry, sexed, adult human skulls were studied from sources in various Medical Colleges of Gujarat, and palatal indices were measured with Vernier callipers to the nearest 0.1 mm. The percentage frequencies of spines, crests, variant sutures, and longitudinal grooves were determined. Results: The values for Palatine index showed that 63% of the total sample of skulls had narrow (leptostaphyline), 24% had intermediate (mesostaphyline), and 13% had wide (brachystaphyline) palates; while the Palatine height index showed that 42% of the total sample had low (chamestaphyline), 54% had intermediate (orthostaphyline), and 4% had deep (hypsistaphyline) palates. Longitudinal palatal grooves were found bilaterally in all the palates, with 86.5% having crests along their length. Incisive suture was seen in 8% of the adult skulls studied. Conclusion: A knowledge of Palatal indices would be helpful to the surgeons during repair of the cleft palate and/or lip, and to anthropologists. Further, the anatomical variations in the grooves, crests and spines on the hard palate may be of clinical significance in the administration of local anaesthesia, and in palatal surgery and prosthetic dentistry.
ABSTRACT
The superficial muscle group of the posterior compartment of leg forms a powerful muscular mass in the calf. The two-headed gastrocnemius is the most superficial muscle of this group, and forms the proximal, most prominent part of the calf. Gastrocnemius muscle exhibits numerous variations in the origin and/or insertion. The present report describes the incidental occurrence of the third/accessory head of gastrocnemius muscle in the left lower limb. During routine educational dissection of a 54-year old American female cadaver in the Anatomy lab of the Medical University of the Americas, Nevis, West Indies, we found an unusual 10.8 cm long muscle in the left popliteal region, attached proximally to the lateral aspect of the popliteal surface of femur, and distally terminated as a tendon which was attached at the junction of the medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius muscle. No such variation was found on the right side. This is described as a case of third / accessory head of gastrocnemius muscle...
El grupo muscular superficial del compartimento posterior de la pierna forma una poderosa masa muscular. El músculo gastrocnemio de dos cabezas es el más superficial de este grupo y forma la parte proximal, más prominente de la pantorrilla. El músculo gastrocnemio presenta numerosas variaciones en el origen y/o inserción. El informe describe la presencia de una tercera/accesoria cabeza del músculo gastrocnemio, encontrada. durante una disección de rutina en un cadáver de una mujer americana de 54 años, en el Laboratorio de Anatomía de la Medical University of the Americas, Nevis, West Indies. La variación muscular inusual medía 10,8 cm de longitud y se originaba en la región poplítea izquierda, proximalmente en la cara lateral de la superficie poplítea del fémur, y se insertaba en un tendón que se adhería a la unión de las cabezas medial y lateral del músculo gastrocnemio. La variación no se encontró en el lado derecho. Este hallazgo se describe como un caso de tercera/accesoria cabeza del músculo gastrocnemio...